The Parable Of The Sadhu - 1113 Words

Parable of the Sadhu v Integrity Most people throughout their life, find themselves in instances where they may feel obligated to help. Whether it may be a family or friend who needs your help moving into their new house, or even a stranger who asks for some money to get something to eat. There are people who feel compelled to help in any way they can, and others who feel it is not their responsibility or concern if someone they do not know needs their assistance. The biggest question that seems to pose itself is how much and to what extent are we as human beings required or obligated to help a stranger who is in need. In the Parable of the Sadhu a man named Bowen McCoy is on a mountain climbing expedition with his friend in the†¦show more content†¦McCoy not helping this man leads you to ponder whether if this was someone different would he have assisted further, actually carried the man down the mountain, and ensure his safety. Instead of a Sadhu monk, what if it was a Rom an Catholic priest who was naked on the ground clearly freezing to death and in need of help? Things would almost definitely be different. First reason would be that the man is white. People seem to resonate more with people who are within their own race. The Sadhu was a brown man most likely and therefore there is a possibility that had an impact on whether or not McCoy would have helped the man. Secondly, take into consideration how different things would be if this was a white man who was also a priest, and wearing what priests wear with the cross around his neck. McCoy would have seen the man as a holy man who could be from America and desperately needs his help. He would probably also consider what would happen to his if he did not assist the priest and he died. He might consider how people might portray him if they were to find out, or he might feel worse because this is a man who represents â€Å"his God† and therefore that should be his first priority. If the man was a priest, then McCoy’s integrity would most likely â€Å"kick in.† He would see the priest freezing on the floor, know the right thing to do, and regardless of his personal interests he would act inShow MoreRelatedParable of the Sadhu775 Words   |  4 PagesThe Parable of the Sadhu Bowen H. McCoy Article Review In the Parable of the Sadhu, a group of climbers from different cultures came across a Sadhu, an Indian holy man, who was frozen and barely alive. The members of the party responded accordingly and each played a role in helping the Sadhu out. Both external and internal forces, however, collectively kept the hikers from devoting their full attention to him. The problem seemed, as McCoy later pointed, that once the Sadhu became too muchRead MoreThe Parable of the Sadhu1613 Words   |  7 PagesThe Parable of the Sadhu walks us through an ethical dilemma that Bowen McCoy had faced on his journey through Nepal. McCoy and his anthropologist friend Stephen had been at the halfway point of their 60 day travel through the Himalayan mountains. While on this journey there were 3 other groups of travelers that had joined, the New Zealanders, the Swiss, and the Japanese. During their travels the mountaineers encountered an Indian holy man, a Sadhu, who was near death, half naked, barefootRead MoreThe Parable Of The Sadhu1315 Words   |  6 Pages In The Parable of the Sadhu, Bowen McCoy tells the story of his Nepal expedition and the ethical dilemma that his group faced. During their 60-day trek, a group of Kiwi climbers discovered a nearly dead sadhu lying on the ice. Each group did what they felt met their ethical responsibility regarding the struggling sadhu, but one member of McCoy’s group felt that they didn’t do enough. Stephen, an anthropologist, felt as if the group had an obligation to assure the sadhu reached the village safelyRead MoreAnalyzing the Parable of the Sadhu1559 Words   |  7 Pageswhile helping the Sadhu is clearly not. Action was ethical. However the fact that McCoy feels guilty reflects that he was unable to promote his long term interest. Hence it becomes ambiguous to justify his actions. Kantian Ethics: Should abide by the following 2 principles: *Maxim should become a universal law *Never treat people simply as means to an end but always at the same time as ends in themselves In the parable, Stephen says that the hikers would have treated the Sadhu differently if heRead MoreParable of the Sadhu Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesParable of the Sadhu: Analysis from three general approaches. The Parable of the Sadhu presents a complex situation which action immediate action was necessary. Sadhu, an Indian holy man, was discovered naked and barely alive by a group of multicultural mountaineers during their journey. Each ethnic group did a little to help the Sadhu, but none assumed full responsibility. Their priority was in climbing the mountain rather than carrying Sadhu to the village where other people could help himRead MoreParable of the Sadhu Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesJournal Article Review #1: â€Å"Parable of the Sadhu† Anh Nguyen MGMT 4330 07/11/11 Journal Article Review #1: â€Å"Parable of the Sadhu† This article review will contain a summary of the article, a listing of three discussion questions, and a response to each of the discussion questions. Article Summary Many years ago, the author and his friend joined in a climber group in which climbers came from different places in the world, gathering together to Nepal to walking through hundreds of villageRead MoreThe Parable Of The Sadhu Short Story879 Words   |  4 PagesIntegrity in â€Å"The Parable of the Sadhu† Integrity is defined as the quality of being honest and having strong moral principles. People always associated integrity with only honesty; however, honesty is not equal to integrity. One can be honest and yet still lacking in integrity. In â€Å"The Insufficiency of Honesty,† Stephen L. Carter claims that integrity requires three steps: discerning what is right and what is wrong; acting on what you have discerned, even at personal cost; and saying openly thatRead MoreEthical Analysis of the Parable of the Sadhu Essay947 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Analysis of the Parable of the Sadhu The Parable of the Sadhu is a story of men climbing the Himalayas that run into a moral dilemma. These are not just any men. These are groups of men from many different cultural backgrounds. As they are climbing the mountain they run into a nearly naked Indian holy man that is near death. The moral dilemma comes into play when they are forced to make the decision to backtrack down the mountain to save the man and probably never reach their ultimate goalRead MoreCase 3-1 The Parable of the Sadhu1637 Words   |  7 PagesCase 3-1 The Parable of the Sadhu The case examines the individual versus corporate ethic. Ethical Issues: How does the individual stay true to her values within a corporate ethic? How can one make changes for the better within an organization? Questions Consider corporate values and ethics as discussed in Chapter 3 and the ethical reasoning methods discussed in Chapters 1 and 2 in answering the following questions: 1. Bowen H. McCoy’s friend Stephen is quoted as saying, â€Å"I feel thatRead MoreThe Parable of the Sadhu by Bowen Mccoy: An Analysis of Ethics967 Words   |  4 PagesThe Parable of the Sadhu by Bowen McCoy Objective The objective of this study is to answer specific questions relating to Bowen McCoys work entitled The Parable of the Sadhu and specifically to examine ethics on both the group and individual level as it is applicable to this situations in McCoys story. Part I The work of McCoy (2009) states that there is a need to identify a specific set of requirements or characteristics to describe the individual that is ethical in the area of leadership

Life Is Hard, We All Been Put Through It - 1888 Words

Life is hard, we all been put through it. People give up sometimes, especially people who get bullied or abused. It’s not fun to be bullied or abused; it s painful to feel and to see. Life isn t made to be easy, but some humans were created to experience the difficulty of how it feels to work hard or be in pain. From someone who knows people that don’t want to make an effort to survive anymore, it s hard to see them in pain and them talking about killing themselves. Not every human being always makes the effort to survive. They make no effort because some people are lonely, get bullied, or even abused by family members. Some are known to sacrifice themselves to protect others, some commit suicide, and even killing the earth can show no†¦show more content†¦They probably have family, child, pets, loved ones, and they leave what they love behind just to save another. Some people just sacrifice themselves to satisfy the ones they worship. â€Å"Police arrested t wo men, both poor farmers, last week and they told police they killed the girl to appease their gods and get a better harvest†(Chattisgarh, Bijapur. #1) That girl was sacrificed just to satisfy the killer’s worshipper and for their harvest. She probably had family, a happy life, and she was also only seven years old; she had a whole life ahead of her. Some people use animals for things and even obsess over them, but animals can’t speak to defend themselves. â€Å"Experts believe that once teenagers become obsessed with satanic magic and devil worship they are driven to commit increasingly serious antisocial acts such as abusing drugs, vandalizing churches, and cemeteries and killing animals in ritual sacrifices.†(Kail, M. Tony.#2) So another way of sacrificing is the use of animals to help them with their rituals. Even going to the war is one of the the biggest sacrifices in the world. Soldiers leave their families and loved ones to battle in war. Some make it out without wounds or with wounds, and some don’t make it out at all. In the war, they use planes. The pilot is able to shoot the enemy’s plane down and leave, they need to see them crash. In the World of Encyclopedia War Aces, Wilbert Ruenheck

Innovation and Sustainable Business Development Organization

Question: Discuss about the Innovation and Sustainable Business Development Organization. Answer: Introduction: It is needless to state that the ulterior aim of any private organization is to maximize the profit over a given period of time. Hence, each organization works with the purpose of achieving strategic goals and objectives it has formulated for the specific period of time. A business model of an organization is defined as a way in which an organization operates, adopting the most suitable and effective strategy that helps it to gain a competitive advantage over others. The business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates and delivers value for its consumers, as the moment value of a product or a service is created, the specific organization will start gaining competitive advantage over rival organizations. Disruption, on the other hand, cam be simply termed as the way of blowing up the huge existent business market, for making way for the emerging business. The term disruption was first defined by Clayton M. Christensen as a kind of innovation that creates a new ma rket and value network by disrupting an existing market and value network. For example, Twitter is known for having disrupted blogging emails, while Pinterest is known for having disrupted the market of photo sharing (Amit Zott, 2012). Nokia is a Finnish organization that has earned a huge recognition in the market for the production of most pocket friendly handsets in the software age. The organization founded in the year of 1885, entered the market of electronics in 1900 and achieved immediate success. Nokia started launching its mobile devices at a time, when there was hardly any competitor, and as such its revenue started soaring high. The business model of Nokia long back in the 90s was to introduce mobile devices, and starting with the introduction of a heavier device like Mobira Senator, the organization gradually started introducing light-weighed, affordable and innovative devices such as NavTeq, MetaCarta, and others. However, gradually the business model of Nokia was disrupted, owing to the fundamental shifts in the mobile industry (Aspara et al., 2013). The question persists as to why such a global leader in the mobile industry Nokia has disastrously failed to sustain itself in the recent past. The answer is to be found in the kind of the business model employed by Nokia over the last few years. Despite the fact that Nokia had set a very clear goal before itself for retaining its success in the mobile device industry, the business process, target customers or the business strategy adopted by the company as par its previous business model was unsuitable in the present business scenario. The target market for Nokia has always been the people aged between 20 to 40 years, especially the teenagers and the businessmen. The strategy as par the old business model of Nokia has been to offer cheap handsets that are largely useful, equipped with several important features. While for a long time, the reasonably low cost of Nokia has been able to offer a great competitive advantage to the organization, gradually that proved to be a disadvantage for Nokia. This is because, Nokias strategy of keeping the price low and thereby creating a value for the consumer, was possible by compromising with the chance of introducing any innovative features for its products (Desai Desai 2013). The disastrous fall of Nokia from the leading position in the market of smart phone industry occurred because of two important factors- (i) Nokias inferiority in terms of technological innovation to large organizations, such as Apple or Samsung and (ii) Nokias complacence with its own market position (Nummella et al., 2016). Nokia after witnessing the entry of the I Phone should have immediately launched their smart phone with advanced software, but it failed to do so. Although in the year of 2008, the introduction of Nokia 5800, was a commercial success, yet the touch screen phone was far from competing with the Apple or even Samsung, because of its software development problems. The organizations previous business model was disrupted by the introd uction of highly stylized and innovative features offered by its rival companies, such as Apple, Samsung or even LG. The value proposition and marketing strategy are two major components of the business model of any organization, and yet Nokia had failed terribly in these two important factors (Nair et al., 2014). Any organization that intends to sustain itself in future must have a strong and clear value proposition that helps the organization understand why its products and services will be the best choice among the potential consumers. The recently emerging problem with Nokia was that the organization had got no distinguishable feature to offer, except the low price (Mirza Beltran, 2013). While I phones emerged to be highly prestigious products, Samsungs android phones offered versatile features, such as high quality camera, great music storage capacity, and user-friendly service without charging too high. However, Nokia failed to create value in the market, as it was not offering any unique or innovative feature to its consumers (Rantavuo Harder, 2014). In absence of a proper value proposition, Nokia has failed to introduce effective marketing strategy as well. Nokia has been a powerful force in the mobile industry, and hence the organization has adopted a new business model, in order to sustain in a highly competitive market of mobile devices. In its critical juncture, Nokia has formed strategic partnership with Microsoft that will help it to build global mobile ecosystem that is itself based on complementary assets. The Nokia-Microsoft deal is meant to help Nokia offer innovative products to its consumers with highly differentiated features. Nokia was offering more durable, yet hard, robust devices that was considered to be obsolete, and hence the organization was gradually losing its brand identity. However, with the new business model, the two big industry giants of the PC and phone worlds is definitely rendering Nokia a greater recognition in the market. Under the new business model system, Nokia and Microsoft will also be able to share its service assets to create innovation. Under the previous business model, Nokia has remained focus ed on the creation of value by reducing cost, and sacrificing innovation (Ali-Yrkk et al., 2013). However, here, this Microsoft-Nokia deal will enable the authority of Nokia drive innovation and offer highly differentiated products. For example, under the proposed partnership, Microsoft will be providing developer tools, making it easier for application developers to leverage Nokias global scale (Kolesnikova et al., 2015). Nokia has previously employed a pricing strategy that has kept it far from introducing any sort of innovation in the products offered. On the other hand, organizations like Samsung could easily substitute it with slim, sleek devices and taglines stating Next is What? which reinforces the idea of innovation. Hence, Nokia had to find out new business models, such as co-operation with Microsoft that would help it survive in a market dominated by comparatively new players, such as Samsung and Apple. Microsofts collaboration with Nokia is going to be a beneficial one as Microsoft will help in updating the Windows phone regularly, emulating what Apple has already done to I Phone. Under the present business model, the Nokia Microsoft deal intends to create an ecosystem that is inclusive of chipset providers, software providers, hardware manufacturers, application developers as well as the operators (Singh, 2014). Tim Cook once said, To stop innovating is to die, and this very lack of innovation had previously doomed the market prospect of Nokia. The organizations previous business model was chiefly focused on the pricing strategy, as a result of which it failed to keep in pace with the radical innovation of other rival giants. With the introduction of the new business model, Nokia will be able to focus on network infrastructure and services that can be regarded as the best path for Nokia as well as its shareholders. The Nokia-Microsoft collaboration is likely to help Nokia make an appealing mobile operating system, and if price strategy and innovation go hand in hand, then Nokia is surely to succeed with the production of new, exclusive range of Lumia phones, or Windows Phone 8. As a result of the joint collaboration of both the organizations, Nokia will be benefitting considerably from the fact that Microsoft will combine its next generation software with the mobile devices of Nokia. Althou gh Nokia has remained a dominant force in the market of mobile handsets, Nokia in the recent years, had found it extremely tough to compete with tech icons such as Apple, Samsung or LG which came to be known for offering radically innovative products. While Nokia phones failed to be anything more than a mere utility gadget, the Nokia-Microsoft deal will help in rendering the handsets an inspirational brand image. Reference List: Ali-Yrkk, J., Kalm, M., Pajarinen, M., Rouvinen, P., Seppl, T., Tahvanainen, A. J. (2013). Microsoft Acquires Nokia: Implications for the Two Companies and Finland.ETLA Brief,16(3). Amit, R., Zott, C. (2012). Creating value through business model innovation.MIT Sloan Management Review,53(3), 41. Aspara, J., Lamberg, J. A., Laukia, A., Tikkanen, H. (2013). Corporate business model transformation and inter-organizational cognition: the case of Nokia.Long Range Planning,46(6), 459-474. Desai, J., Desai, U. (2013). Measuring Consumer Attitude towards Nokia and Sony Ericsson Brand of Mobile Handsets.Journal of Marketing Communication,8(3). Kolesnikova, J., Yurieva, O., Fakhrutdinov, R., Fakhrutdinova, E. (2015). New start of Nokia. Mirza, F., Beltrn, F. (2013, April). Using an agent-based friend circle creator model to analyze drivers of consumer choice: network effects vs. value proposition. InProceedings of the 16th Communications Networking Symposium(p. 6). Society for Computer Simulation International. Nair, H. A., Ramalu, S. S., Kumar, D. (2014). Impact of Innovation Capacity and Anticipatory Competence on Organizational Health: A Resource based Study of Nokia, Motorola and Blackberry.International Journal of Economic Research,11(2). Nummela, N., Saarenketo, S., Loane, S. (2016). The dynamics of failure in international new ventures: A case study of Finnish and Irish software companies.International Small Business Journal,34(1), 51-69. Rantavuo, H., Harder, A. (2014, October). Evaluating delight in the user experience of smartphones: case Nokia. InProceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational(pp. 1101-1106). ACM. Singh, N. P. (2014). Microsoft Acquired Nokia in Unipolar Operating System Market.Independent Journal of Management Production,5(3), 598-622.

The Four Seasons free essay sample

When the clock of nature stroke seasons,something extra ordinary was produced with each and every hour. This world is an alluring place to live in. Life has to offer many cherished miracles but the sensations of nature are significantly peculiar! they say, Seasons are nature’s way of showing us how to live. One of the admiring wonders of nature is the four seasons! Without a doubt, one can state that the countries that experience all four seasons are indeed truly bestowed upon by the Almighty. However, I pity the nations who have to face exceedingly hostile weather conditions. My imagination refuses to work with me, when I wonder about the life of people in Russia, who face the world’s most punitive winters. I wonder what my age fellows in those countries think, when the only place they can actually see a sun is in their textbooks, other than their imaginations. We will write a custom essay sample on The Four Seasons or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To them the sun would be like the most valuable light source on the planet earth.Not just winters but summers can be extremely challenging too, especially countries like Ethopia where the temperature rises above 63Â °C. Now isn’t this the most alarming fact of the century. How would people living under the same sky as us be able to bear the scorching heat of the tropical sun?Merely thinking about the state of mind of these people makes my heartache. No doubt the people become used to the ground circumstances with time but what if they visit my country which fortunately has to offer all four of the splendid seasons? Wouldnt it be the best phase of their lives? It might seem to them that they are living the lives of their dreams. The seasons are not just limited to summers and winters but the most pleasure some season is spring .The time of the year when flowers bloom and the scent of those flowers surround the atmosphere .The time when the chirping birds return and little cute butterflies fly freely all around seeking everyone’s attention. When talking about spring, one must be aware of this syndrome name Season Affection Disorder (SAD) which describes the state of a person who is depressed by winter. But they say, to be interested in the changing of seasons is a happier state of mind then to be hopelessly in love with spring Last but not the least, one cannot just forget Autumn. The time of the year when the poets are busy explaining the theory behind each and every leaf that touches the ground. The time when you walk on the road and with each footstep you hear the rustling of the leaves which itself is a hope for winters!Now when I come to ponder upon the fact that if one can feel so joyous from these seasons merely, as they fill one’s life with splendid colors, then what about the creator of all this? The creator and the interchanger of the seasons would be a creator so perfect! It is mentioned in the Holy Quran, Indeed,in the creation of heavens and the earth and the alternation of night and the day,there are signs for those who possess intellectuals This verse clearly symbolises that Allah Almighty has created this universe and has systemized it into palnets and then created the seasons. Seasons have a significant impact upon our moods and cultures. They define the specific traditions of any area along with its cuisine too. For instance, recall that chilly winter night with your family where you were cracking peanuts amidst a beautifully lit bonfire. Remember, thatdrenched hot summer afternoon you spent along the banks of the rivers in Punjab, feeding your taste buds with the delish mangoes. How about the time when you forced your parents to take you to the ever green flower exhibition that took place in your town? You were totally taken back by the magnificent scent that surroundedthe area. Weren’t you Last but not the least is the time when you enjoyed stepping on the fallen trees so that you can hear the crackling sound. This a gernal view of how people can be affected by the seasons but Pakistan being country with rich heritage can be stated as one whose people truly cherish the joy of nature and its wonders. One can simply summarize that the pageant of seasons is a never ending drama! Elizabeth Chase said, Yet sunshine brightens after rain the darkness comes and goes again so solace follows bitter pain as seasons wax and wane!!

Murder or Punishment essays

Murder or Punishment essays Are you for or are you against the death penalty? This is a question often asked and highly debated by many Americans today. The death penalty is a very controversial issue with two distinct opposing views, with the pro side of the issue being the stronger of the two. There are many people who spend the majority of their live fighting for their side of this issue. From propaganda to speeches, to essays, society is filled with reasons to be pro or con the death penalty. It seems, to me, as though the reasons for being for capital punishment out weigh the competition by far. Sentencing a murderer to the death penalty is a good punishment that I support deeply because it brings justice and peace to the victims families and morally it is right. Being wrongfully accused of a murder is a terrible thing. That is why many people oppose the death penalty. They are afraid that by using this way of punishment, that many innocent people are being executed for crimes they didnt commit. Bill Ryan, a retired social worker from the Illinois Death Penalty Moratorium Project, says that the recent parade of pardoned men marching off of Death Row, 13 in the past two years to be exact, has triggered the large movement on this issue( End). Just the thought of being sentenced to death for not doing anything wrong is absurd and not comprehensible to most individuals. Even though there is a minute possibility for this to happen, abolitionists continue to harp on it. With all of the DNA testing, the appeals, and the fact that the suspect has to be proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt, the chances for this scenario to happen are continuing to decipate. Even though death row inmates have been released, it doesnt mean that they were innoc ent. One reason the death penalty is an acceptable disciplinary act is because it brings justice and peace to the victims family. Just imagin ...

About Complex Sentences With This ESL Worksheet

About Complex Sentences With This ESL Worksheet Complex sentences are made up of two clauses- an independent clause and a dependent clause. Independent clauses are similar to simple sentences. They can stand alone and function as a sentence: We didnt pass the test.  Angela won the competition. Dependent clauses, however, need to be used together with an independent clause. Here are some dependent clauses with independent clauses. Notice how they seem incomplete: Although he is ready.When it is done.   Independent clauses are combined with dependent clauses to make sense.   Well go to the bank because we need some money.  As soon as we land, Ill give you a call.   Notice that dependent clauses can come first. In this case, we use a comma.   Before she comes, well eat some lunch.Because hes late for work, he took a taxi.   Writing Complex Sentences Using Subordinating Conjunctions Complex sentences are written by using subordinating conjunctions to connect the two clauses. Showing Opposition or Unexpected Results Use these three subordinating conjunctions to show that there is a pro and con  or to contrast statements. although / even though / though Although I felt he was wrong, I decided to trust him.Sharon started looking for a new job even though she was currently employed.Though I couldnt understand a word, we had a great time! Showing Cause and Effect To give reasons use these conjunctions that keep the same meaning. because / since / as Since you need some help, Ill come over this afternoon.Henry felt he needed to take some time off because he had been working so hard.The parents paid for extra lessons as the children were very gifted. Expressing Time There are a number of subordinating conjunctions that express time. Note that the simple tense (present simple or past simple) is generally used in dependent clauses beginning with time subordinators.   when / as soon as / before / after / by By the time you get this letter, I will have left for New York.I used to play a lot of tennis when I was a teenager.We had a wonderful dinner after she had arrived. Expressing Conditions Use these subordinators to express that something depends on a condition. if / unless / in the case that If I were you, I would take my time with that project.They wont come next week unless you ask them to do so.In the case that he isnt available, well look for another consultant. Complex Sentence Worksheets Provide a fitting subordinator to fill the gaps in these sentences.   Im going to the bank _______ I need some money.I made lunch _________ I got home.________ its raining, shes going for a walk in the park.  ________ she finishes her homework soon, she will fail the class.He decided to trust Tim ______ he was an honest man._______ we went to school, she decided to investigate the situation.Jennifer decided to leave Tom _______ he was too worried about his job.Dennis bought a new jacket __________ he had received one as a gift last week.Brandley claims that there will be trouble _____ he doesnt complete the job.Janice will have finished the report ____ the time you receive the letter. Answers because / since / asafter / when / as soon as  although / even though / thoughunlessbecause / since / asbefore / when  because / since / asalthough / even though / thoughif / in the case thatby   Use subordinating conjunctions (though, if, when, because, etc.) to connect the sentences into one complex sentence. Henry needs to learn English. I will teach him.It was raining outside. We went for a walk.Jenny needs to ask me. I will buy it for her.Yvonne played golf extremely well. She was very young.Franklin wants to get a new job. He is preparing for job interviews.Im writing a letter, and Im leaving. You will find it tomorrow.Marvin thinks he will buy the house. He just wants to know what his wife thinks.Cindy and David had breakfast. They left for work.I really enjoyed the concert. The music was too loud.Alexander has been working sixty hours a week. There is an important presentation next week.I usually work out at the gym early in the morning. I leave for work at eight a.m.The car was extremely expensive. Bob didnt have much money. He bought the car.Dean sometimes goes to the cinema. He enjoys going with his friend Doug. Doug visits once a month.I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet. It allows me to watch what I want when I want.Sometimes it happens that we have a lot of rai n. I put the chairs on the patio in the garage when we have rain. There are other variations that are possible than those provided in the answers.  Ask your teacher for other ways  to connect these to write complex sentences. As Henry needs to learn English, I will teach him.We went for a walk even though it was raining.If Jenny asks me, I will buy it for her.Yvonne played golf extremely well when she was young.Because Franklin wants to get a new job, he is preparing for job interviews.Im writing you this letter which you will find after I leave.  Unless his wife doesnt like the house, Marvin will buy it.After Cindy and David had eaten breakfast, they left for work.I really enjoyed the concert although the music was too loud.As Alexander has an important presentation next week, he has been working sixty hours a week.I usually work out at the gym before I leave for work at eight.Though Bob didnt have much money, he bought the extremely expensive car.If Doug visits, they go to the cinema.Since it allows me to watch what I want when I want, I prefer to watch TV by streaming over the internet.If it rains a lot, I put the chairs on the patio in the garage.

Does learning how to properly express oneself help Dissertation

Does learning how to properly express oneself help - Dissertation Example The study does not attempt to supplant existing programs, rather, it seeks to work with it, and enhance existing programs. This is done by opening and providing alternative means with which violence may be prevented. Social scientists believe violent crimes to be crimes of expression. While conducting motivational speaking sessions at schools in New Orleans, I have noticed that there are not many school-based programs in the district. The programs that currently exist do not look at the juvenile problem of violence as a possible problem of expression. Disciplinarian measures such as suspension and expulsion along with tight security methods seem to be the proposed solution to the problem of school violence. In this state of ‘tight security’ to curb juvenile violence, the study offers an innovative method - creative expression as a means of violence reduction, of juvenile violence prevention. This approach is novel, as no such programs currently exist, especially in New O rleans. Problem Statement Despite data showing reductions in violent crime nationally, youth violence remains a serious problem (Feder, Levant, & Dean, 2010). According to the Bureau of Justice Statistic, more crimes are committed against students’ ages 12-18 at school than away from school (Roberts, Zhang, Truman, 2010). Students who ranged from ages 12-18 experienced approximately 1.2 million nonfatal crimes at school compared to about one million nonfatal crimes away from school. The figures represent total crime victimization rates of 47 crimes per 1,000 students at school and 38 crimes per 1,000 students away from school. The number of school days in a year is essentially equivalent to the number of non-school days in a year. Despite the balance of days between school and non-school days, most (63%) violent crimes committed by juveniles occur on school days (OJJPD, 2010). Violence is the leading cause of nonfatal injuries among young people (Hammond, Haegerich, & Saul, 2 009). According to 2008 FBI statistics, New Orleans had the highest per capita murder rate in the nation (Murder Capital Title, 2009). The intersection of teen violence and the murder capital was evident more than ever in 2006. As New Orleans was scrambling to rebuild from Hurricane Katrina, New Orleans emerged as the murder capital once again. Five teenage juveniles ranging from ages 16-19 were gunned down in a one incident. The horrific event prompted the mayor of New Orleans to call for the deployment of the Louisiana National Guard to patrol the streets of New Orleans. Despite turning New Orleans to mirror an Iraqi city with armed military soldiers patrolling its streets, the violence remained. Juvenile violence remained a problem in New Orleans despite the presence of the Army. Once again, another attempt of increased security results in no answer. Tighter security looks good, but it has not proven to reduce violent crime. In this regard, the urgency of finding alternative mean s of addressing the problem of juvenile violence on top of existing programs is of intrinsic value. This is to promote existing programs, and open other venues that may help the young person express their experiences. Purpose Statement The purpose of this mixed research study is to

Joh Stuart and Women Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Joh Stuart and Women Rights - Essay Example The main base of this article is that women are subjugated in every aspect of their lives, and so a kind of legal subjugation is being followed. He wanted the society to avoid this subjugation and provide equal rights to the women, on the lines of the men’s living. Among the many women’s rights related things for which, Mill campaigned, he gave specific focus on women's suffrage rights to case vote in any election, and importantly the need to provide the women the complete access to education. At that time, voting and education remained as a privilege only among the men, with women’s role restricted inside homes. While the suffrage rights for the women came about after carrying out various campaigns throughout Great Britain, educational rights were started to be given in course of time. Apart from these two key issues, Mill focused on how marriage also suppressed the women from expressing their both personal and professional interests. That is, women in his time, once they got married were restricted to doing household chores and taking care of the children inside their homes, without major social roles in the outside. This he thought was a major discrimination against the women. Like how the men perform their allocated tasks in their professional setting, and then have a social life in the outside, women should also be given opportunities to participate in social life, as a kind of relaxation for their daily household chores. He further states that management of the household is not an easy task, and is equal or even tougher than the work being carried out by men in professional settings, and so relaxing opportunities need to be created for them. Thus, the article â€Å"The Subjection of Women† can be viewed as one of the enduring defenses of gender equality, with Mill providing various perspective of how women should be treated in the British society. Industrial Revolution in Great Britain The industrial revolution is the term give n to the heightened activity that was witnessed in various industries in the Great Britain in the 19th century. New technologies were developed in that period, and majority of them had applications in the various industrial sectors. One among them is the steam engine, invention and development of which provided power or energy for many industries to operate. Importantly, Great Britain’s foreign policy strategy of colonialism or imperialism also provided the impetus for the industrial revolution to run. That is, UK and all the major European countries from the initial years of 1500’s, after Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India, moved in large numbers to develop trade relations with many Asian and African countries. However, this trade turned into imperialist leanings due to the weakness of these countries. After defeating the native rulers and crushing any resistance, European countries particularly Great Britain were able to rule them. The ruling by Great Britain does not stop with administration; it went to exploitation of resources, both natural and human. All these countries had plentiful natural resources like iron, gold, cotton, etc, all of which were used as the raw materials for the industries in Great Britain. That is, with the industrial revolution happening side by side with imperialism, the industries of Great Britain were

How to Prevent Nuclear Chemical and Biological Threat Essay Example for Free

How to Prevent Nuclear Chemical and Biological Threat Essay In recent years, people from all around the world have already seen the reports about nuclear, chemical and biological accident frequently from the news media, which have been increasingly threatening the survival of human security. When we are fully aware of the threat of nuclear, chemical and biological accident, we should learn that what target measures should be taken to hold the harm of accidents. With the development of high-tech, various military weapons have appeared in the world increasingly. But what hidden behind the success is not only the consumption of resources, but also the huge impact on human itself. So here are some measures as follows. Firstly, the government should propaganda knowledge on nuclear, chemical and biological accidents to the people, such as posters and seminars. Because there are many people who do not learn about these risks appropriately. Secondly, the immune prevention and drug prevention are two good ways o prevent the danger. Inoculation of various vaccines in advance can improve the body immunity, reduce or even avoid biological weapons against the damage and greatly reduce the power of biological weapons. Thirdly, people should be well prepared with emotion before these danger especially avoid being panic. Just take Japanese nuclear power plant explosion in 2011 as an example, people were lost their mind at that time, especially it was the unwise behavior for them to buy lots of salt. Finally, when facing nuclear, chemical and biological risks, authority should take the corresponding preparation and strategies, the relevant education departments should strengthen the national defense education of the contemporary students. In addition, when facing the great benefits the high-tech brings us at the same time, we should recognize the unfavorable factors.

Charlemagne :: essays research papers

Charlemagne There was relatively little commerce in Western Europe. Roads, bridges, and the infrastructure generally were non-existent. Furthermore, the countryside was unsafe for travel due to a lack of organized law enforcement. Small villages had to take care of themselves; therefore, manufacturing was carried on only to the extent that was needed to supply local needs. In the little kingdoms or principalities, the lands over which a King ruled were regarded as no different from other property. Among the Franks, all sons were entitled to a share. Therefore, when a King died, each son became a King over his own little kingdom. Thus, many political units became small so there were no uniform laws or policies. This lack of unity made them vulnerable to enemies as well as conflict from within. Bullough points out that the loyalty of a warrior or subject to his chosen leader was not a light matter. The author does not contrast that concept of loyalty however, with our present ideas of loyalty to the homeland or institution. â€Å"The apprenticeship of a King† describes how Charlemagne gained power through conquest and diplomacy. In 768, King Pippin died and his kingdom was divided between his two sons. Charles, the elder, and the younger was Carloman. The author says that little is known of Charles’ boyhood. When he was of the right age, it is recorded that he worked eagerly at riding and hunting. It was the custom of the Franks to ride and be practiced in the use of arms and ways of hunting. We may reasonably infer that acquiring these skills formed a major part of his early education. Charles was not a â€Å"man of letters† and the author makes no attempt at explaining this other than to point out that literacy was considered unimportant at that time for anyone other than the clergy and Charles didn’t become interested in â€Å"letters† until later in life. Bullough explains a number of experiences in public duties and responsibilities, which were assigned to Charles by his father, thus, giving him an apprenticeship to rule the kingdom. For some reason tension between Charles and his brother began shortly after their accession. The author explains a number of conflicts. The younger brother died however, at the end of 771 and a number of prominent people in his kingdom offered allegiance to Charles. Bullough names and explains those subjects. The result was the re-uniting of those territories, which helped to establish the kingdom of the Franks.

Qualities of my grandfather Essay

Introduction: My grandfather, Osman Dedic, was born on November 26, 1929 in a small village in Bosnia called Gorne Dubrave. During this time, Bonsia was an undeveloped nation affiliated with Yugoslavia. The village my grandfather lived in was an immense distance away from several major cities and airports. The town did not have a sewage system, and the cement streets were unfinished. Most houses in the village did not have electricity and phone lines. The village also lacked streetlights and a water supply system. Moreover, the villagers were forced to obtain water from a nearby river and pump out the water from an aquifer using a well. The town contained few stores, transportation facilities, and educational institutions. Most stores would sell need-based goods such as clothes, food, and labor equipment. In the village, government control and influence affected many town people. The government controls the production of crops and the amount of farmland given to the villagers. Unfortunately, the villagers would sell most of their crops for a low price to the government. Villagers did not even have passports and wouldn’t receive the documents because the government wouldn’t allow people to emigrate. Without a passport, one could not get a visa for another country and without visa; one could not find a job. This governmental system forced many people to settle in the same village their entire life. Nevertheless, my grandfather had different opinions. â€Å"I always had my own thoughts and rules on how life should be. For this reason, I encountered many difficulties in my life.† As a young child, my grandfather loved to pursue law and justice. He did not follow the role of an influential leader, but rather treated everyone with respect and equality. When my grandfather was eight years old, he would play with his friends in the playground. One day, however, a child from the neighboring area decided to come over to the playground and take advantage of the other children. My grandfather immediately seized action and resolved the problem by telling the foreign child to play fair and respect everyone. Several years later, my grandfathers choose to serve and protect. In his eighteenth year, my grandfather decided to join the military army. As a military soldier, he had the duty of war . One day at military camp, he was ordered to dig holes by seniority soldiers. He refused the job and wouldn’t allow his pride fade away his few of the seniority soldiers told him to before him wanted to take over the youngest once, as they called them, by making them obey. They had very high expectations, that where not possible to accomplish. They asked my father to dig out a hole that would be two by two meters and two more meters deep. He had to be done by the end of the night. He started digging till he became very tired and could not even move. They warned him once to start digging again but he refused. One of them came closer and punched him right in face. My father got very angry. He raised the digger and broke it on his shoulder. He kept on hitting him until all the rest of the group gathered up and put my father in circle. They started hitting him all together. My father, full of blood running from almost every part of his body, barely broke the chain of their bodies and run into the forest where they lost his site. In the general of the army, while calling the names of the soldiers, noticed that Ruben Aslanian was missing. At that time my father was at a corner spying on them. The general asked where he is. Someone from the two-year-served group stretched the truth and when explaining what had happened. The general said that everyone of the two-year-served group would go to prison if they will not find Ruben Aslanian by the end of this day. When my father decided to appear they were all in panic. The general asked where he was. My father, realizing that the future of all those soldiers was in his hands, said that he fall through a crag and lost his consciousness. After that situation he never had a problem in the army again, for the rest of his serving period. When my father came out of the army, he went to the military school. He was working as a police man while studying to become an interrogator. He was always very just, no matter what the status of the prisoner was. Once he found the nephew of a Georgian minister, with two Moldavians, guilty about a drug deal. He wrote a conviction for all three of them, while they warned him to leave the nephew of the minister out of the deal. After that they let the nephew leave illegally and were searching for a way to put my father in the prison. My father understood that they had launch a was against him and  it was time for him to resign. One year latter, the real war began. During 1995, after the disintegrate of the Soviet Union, Abkhazians asked for their independence for the Georgians. Georgians did not like agree and they tried conquer Abkhazians. All the prisoners were freed and walking on streets armed. They purpose of that was to have a bigger army but criminals never change. Their goal was to revenge the people that put them in the prison and ruined their lives. Unfortunately, one of those people was my own father. Like a picture in my mind, I still remember the criminal with a mask holding a gun against my father’s head. I remember my father begging them to not do anything in front of his children and my mother trying to pull us away so we would not be witnesses of the murder of out own father. Fortunately, they did not kill my father. I do not now the reason. I still think that it was the God’s will, because otherwise I just can not explain it. The next day, I found myself in a plain flying out of my motherland to be safe. â€Å"I always remember my house, my garden, my neighbors, and every single city of Abkhazia, where I spent a long time of my life. I want to admit that I live much wealthier life now in America, than back in Abkhazia. The point of our life is not about been rich; the point if this life is, in my opinion, is to wake up in the morning and be able to see beloved relatives and friends. This is not only my misfortune; this is the disaster of every human been that, in his or her middle ages, looses his or her surroundings of a life time.†

Critically evaluate the claim that culture is best understood as a system of symbolic classification Essay

Introduction                      This essay will focus on evaluating the claim that culture is perfectly understood as a symbolic classification system. Culture can be defined as cumulative deposit of beliefs, attitudes, knowledge, values, experience, roles, meanings, spatial relations, hierarchies, notions of time, possessions and material objects obtained by a group of individuals in the course of the generations through group and individual thriving. Culture involves patterns implicit and explicit, for and of behavior obtained and conveyed through symbols, representing the unique achievement of the human groups, comprising of their personifications in artifacts; the fundamental core of culture include the traditional ideas and particularly their emotionally involved values; culture systems on the other hand may be deemed as products of action. A symbol refers to any object, usually material, meant to stand for another, even though there is no significant relationship. Typically culture is founded on a shared set of meanings and symbols. Symbolic culture allows human communication and therefore must be taught. The symbolic culture is more adaptable and malleable than biological evolution. Humans subconsciously and consciously, strive always in making logic of their surrounding world. Some symbols like objects, words, gestures and signs assist individuals in understanding the world. Usually symbols offer clues in understanding the experiences. They usually express familiar meanings which are shared by the societies. Uniform and badge held by police officers represent symbols of law or authority enforcement. When an officer is seen wearing a uniform or in a squad car enhances reassurance in man citizens, and anger, fear, or annoyance among others (Browne et al, 1990, p38-p42). The world has countless symbols. Company logos, traffic signs and sports uniforms are some of the symbols. A gold sign in some cultures symbolizes marriage. There are some symbols which are very functional; for example, stop signs offers valuable instruction. They belong to the material culture since they are physical objects, however they function like symbols, in addition they pass on nonmaterial cultural meanings. Some of the symbols are only helpful in what they signify. Gold medals, trophies and blue ribbons, for instance, provide no other function other than representing the accomplishments. However numerous objects have both nonmaterial and material symbolic value. Symbols are usually taken for granted easily. Few individuals challenge or even consider sticking the figure signs on the public bathrooms’ doors. However those figures signs are more than being mere symbols which informs women and men which bathrooms they are supposed to use. Also they uphold the value, in U SA, that restrooms ought to be gender exclusive. Even if stalls are comparatively private, most places do not offer bathrooms that are unisex (Hoijer, 1954, p. 14). Symbols frequently get recognized when used out of context. Symbols express strong messages and are used unconventionally. Even destruction of symbols is perceived to be symbolic. Effigies signifying public figures are beaten so as to express anger at particular leaders. Crowds in 1989 tore down Berlin wall a symbols which decades-old of the division between West and East, capitalism and communism. While diverse cultures have different systems of symbols however language is common to all. Language refers to a symbolic system by which individuals’ converse and through which the culture is spread. Various languages include a system of symbols utilized for written communication, whereas others rely on nonverbal actions and spoken communication. Societies regularly share one language, and a lot of languages have the same fundamental components. An alphabet refers to a written system which is made of symbolic shapes which refer to sound which is spoken. These symbols taken together , express definite meanings. English alphabet employs a mixture of 26 letters in order to create words; where these 26 letters create over 600,000 English words which are recognized (Smith, 2001, p. 46). Case study 1                      Additionally, through using language, individuals’ converse without using words. The communication which is nonverbal is symbolic, and, similar to the case of language, a lot of it is learned by the individual’s culture. Various signals are almost universal: crying regularly represents sadness and smiles frequently signify joy. Additional nonverbal symbols differ across the cultural backgrounds in their meaning. For instance, a thumbs-up symbol in the United States shows positive support, while in Australia and Russia, it signifies an offensive curse. Various gestures differ in meaning depending with the individual and the situation. A symbol of waving the hand can represent numerous things, considering for whom it is done and how it’s done. It may signify â€Å"no thank you,† â€Å"hello,† or â€Å"I’m royalty,† or â€Å"goodbye.† Winks express a range of messages, comprising of â€Å"Iâ€⠄¢m only kidding,† or â€Å"I’m attracted to you,† Or â€Å"We have a secret.† From a distance, an individual can comprehend the emotional idea of two individuals in conversation just through examining their facial expressions and body language. Folded arms and Furrowed brows signify a serious topic, perhaps a disagreement. Smiles, with arms open and heads lifted, imply a cheerful, friendly conversation (Durkheim, 2003, p. 41). Case study two                      Even though language is possibly the most apparent system of symbols that used in communication, numerous things we do express a symbolic meaning. For instance, of the way individuals dress and what it signifies to other individuals. The manner in which a person dress symbolically communicates to other people if that individual care about academics or if he or she is a fan of their school’s football group, or it might converse that the individual is a fan of punk music or has adopted an anarchist philosophy. In various urban settings, the symbolic meaning of individual’s clothes can signify gang connection. Other gang associates use these symbolic sartorial signs to identify allies or enemies. Anthropologists argues that, through their evolution course, individuals evolved a universal individual capacity to categorize experiences, as well as encoding and communicating them symbolically, like with language which is written. Due to the f act that symbolic systems were learned as well as being taught, they started developing independently of the biological evolution. Since this capacity for social learning and symbolic thinking is a human evolution product confuses older arguments regarding nurture versus nature. This view of culture shows that individuals who live away from each other begin develops distinct cultures. Basics of different cultures, but, can spread easily from one group of individuals to another. Belief that culture is coded symbolically and can, consequently, can be taught from one individual to another, meaning that cultures can change even if they are bounded. Culture is dynamic can be learned and taught, which makes it a rapid adaption form potentially to variations in the physical conditions. Anthropologists usually view culture both as supplement and product of the biological evolution; culture can be perceived as the core means of human version to the world which is natural (Middleton, 2002, p. 16). The above view of culture as symbolic system with the adaptive functions varying from one place to another, made the anthropologists to conceive of various cultures as described through different structures or patterns of continuing conventional meaning sets. These meanings took solid form in diversity of artifacts like rituals and myths, tools, well as the planning of villages and the design of housing. Anthropologists differentiate between symbolic culture and material culture, not only since each signifies distinct types of human activity, however also because they comprise of different forms of data that necessitate dissimilar methodologies to study. The culture sociology relates to culture since it is evident in the society: the ways of acting, the ways of thinking and the material objects that collectively shape the individual’s way of life. In regard to Max Weber, the symbols are very essential features of culture: individuals employ symbols to convey their spirituality as well as the spiritual side of actual events, and perfect interests are obtained from the symbols (Smith, 2001, p.21-24). In accordance with the sociologists, symbols composes one of the five essential basics of culture, the others being norms, values, language and beliefs. Symbolic anthropology perceives culture as independent system of meaning decoded through interpreting the key rituals and symbols (Werness, 2000, p.37). In conclusion, it is evident that culture is as set of symbolic classifications, referred to as a group of symbols which can prearranged into a paradigmatic set, frequently hierarchical. These systems of classifications show a world view or tribal order. Languages are constituted of the systems of classifications like grammars. Grammars classify number, person and time. Cultures consist of unconscious classifications which include relatives, plants, colors and animals. References Browne, R. B., Fishwick, M. W., & Browne, K. O. (1990). Dominant symbols in popular culture. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. Durkheim, E. (2003). Emile Durkheim sociologist of modernity. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub..Hoijer, H. (1954). Language in culture: conference on the interrelations of language and other aspects of culture. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Middleton, J. (2002). Culture. Oxford, U.K.: Capstone Pub..Smith, P. (2001). Cultural theory: cn introduction. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell :. Werness, H. B. (2000). The Continuum encyclopedia of native art: worldview, symbolism, and culture in Africa, Oceania, and native North America. New York: Continuum. Source document

My Childhood Memories Essay Example

My Childhood Memories Essay Example My Childhood Memories Essay My Childhood Memories Essay Oh no! I shouted at the top of my voice. delight don’t interrupt down my grandparents’ house I had merely returned from New York to Trinidad with my parents. I left Trinidad when I was six old ages old. I grew up in couva with my grandparents. where I had many friends populating in there in the same villag. vitamin E I walked through the street where my friends and I one time played leap rope. The sight of the many antique houses caught my attending. I stop as I started at one house with boarded up Windowss. It looked weather beaten. but the sight of that house painted a arch smiling on my face because it was the house where I one time stole Mangifera indicas from my neighour. Uncle Bob. As I approached the pace a sea of colorss rushed past my eyes and painted the house and the garden became alive with fresh flowers and rocking coconut trees. I saw myself singing under the Poui tree and grandmother conveying newly extracted sugar cane juice for me. Even though this was merely a memory I could hear the tuneful vocalizing of the birds all twenty-four hours. Once once more. I could smell the frangranced sent of the big roses that bloomed near to the garden. Before I got off the swing I looked up to the tree and saw the soft. xanthous poui petals recognizing my face. Some of the bantam flowers gracefully fell at my pess. I grabbed a smattering and through it up in the air. I saw the vision of myself recognizing the nurseryman. who gave me roses to set in the vase. He was ever really sort and didn’t mind me playing in the garden.

History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations

History and Purpose of the Commonwealth of Nations As the British Empire began its process of decolonization and the creation of independent states from former British colonies, there arose a need for an organization of countries formerly part of the Empire. In 1884, Lord Rosebery, a British politician, described the changing British Empire as a Commonwealth of Nations. Thus, in 1931, the British Commonwealth of Nations was founded under the Statute of Westminster with five initial members - the United Kingdom, Canada, the Irish Free State, Newfoundland, and the Union of South Africa. (Ireland permanently left the Commonwealth in 1949, Newfoundland became part of Canada in 1949, and South Africa left in 1961 due to apartheid but rejoined in 1994 as the Republic of South Africa). Commonwealth of Nations Rebrand In 1946, the word British was dropped and the organization became known as simply the Commonwealth of Nations. Australia and New Zealand adopted the Statute in 1942 and 1947, respectively. With Indias independence in 1947, the new country desired to become a Republic and to not utilize the monarchy as their head of state. The London Declaration of 1949 modified the requirement that members must view the monarchy as their head of state to require that countries recognize the monarchy as simply the leader of the Commonwealth. With this adjustment, additional countries joined the Commonwealth as they gained independence from the United Kingdom so today there are fifty-four member countries. Of the fifty-four, thirty-three are republics (such as India), five have their own monarchies (such as Brunei Darussalam), and sixteen are a constitutional monarchy with the sovereign of the United Kingdom as their head of state (such as Canada and Australia). Although membership requires having been a former dependency of the United Kingdom or a dependency of a dependency, former Portuguese colony Mozambique became a member 1995 under special circumstances due to Mozambiques willingness to support the Commonwealths fight against apartheid in South Africa. Policies The Secretary-General is elected by the Heads of Government of the membership and can serve two four-year terms. The position of Secretary-General was established in 1965. The Commonwealth Secretariat has its headquarters in London and is composed of 320 staff members from the member countries. The Commonwealth maintains its own flag. The purpose of the voluntary Commonwealth is for international cooperation and to advance economics, social development, and human rights in member countries. Decisions of the various Commonwealth councils are non-binding. The Commonwealth of Nations supports the Commonwealth Games, which is a sporting event held every four years for member countries. A Commonwealth Day is celebrated on the second Monday in March. Each year carries a different theme but each country can celebrate the day as they choose. The population of the 54 member states exceeds two billion, about 30% of the world population (India is responsible for a majority of the Commonwealths population).

OUR CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION ESSAY Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

OUR CLASSIFICATION AND DIVISION - Essay Example ustomer, who opts to purchase a product because it is the best one to be found from the perspective of price or value and because they have had positive experiences with it. The third category is the neutral customer, who has had a mixture of negative and positive experiences with products and comes forward to purchase a product somewhat reluctantly, prepared for a negative experience. The fourth category is the tolerating customer. This customer does not enjoy a product or service but only buys it out of necessity, hence they rarely talk positively about the product. The last category is the critical customer, who has mostly had so many negative experiences with products or services that s/he tries to sabotage the business by spreading negative feedback about products and services. While all churchgoers purportedly are religious, there is a wide range of difference in the manner in which they express their religious beliefs and they may be divided into four primary categories. One category is the evangelistic church goer, who is so involved with religion that s/he insists on trying to convert everyone else. This person attends church with a fanatical devotion and works hard to persuade or push others into religion and church as well. The next category of church goer is the Sunday churchgoer, who turns up at church regularly on Sundays but does not venture anywhere near church the rest of the week. A third group is the big occasion churchgoer, or in other words, those who go to church only during Christmas or easter. Another category is the sporadic churchgoer, who is irregular and attends church sporadically. The last category is the rare church goer who only attends church once in a blue moon. A first date could initially be divided into two main categories, i.e, the rookie and the experienced person on a first date. The rookie is generally a teenager who is experiencing the very first date of his or her life and in rare instances, it may also be an adult

Physiological principle for health and social care Essay

Physiological principle for health and social care - Essay Example ysis, deamination, fatty acid oxidations which enters the Tricarboxylic acid cycle or TCA cycle where it combines with oxaloacetic acid to form citrate and this is recycled back to oxaloacetate which continues the cycle again. There can be other intermediates of the TCA cycle which is derived from the breakdown products of carbohydrate , fats and proteins and thus it is not necessarily be acetyl CoA. In the TCA cycle, dehydrogenation takes place in the various molecules and carbon dioxide is liberated(which we finally breathe out). The removed hydrogen is taken up by NAD or FAD to form NADH and FADH2 . These molecules transfer the hydrogen atoms and the respected electrons through the electron transport chain which comprises of enzymatic complexes, that helps to transfer the electrons to the oxygen molecule ( which is inhaled and thus utilized un this fashion) with the formation of water. The hydrogen ions are pumped out of the inner mitochondrial matrix to the external space. This causes the hydrogen ion concentration to be more in external matrix than in the inner matrix. The hydrogen ions are pulled into the inner matrix due to passive diffusion through the half channels in the ATP synthase molecule that has a rotor-stator function. This means when the outside hydrogen atoms are pulled inside the ATP synthase causes a conformational change that puts the free ADP and Pi to its catalytic domain and thus ATP synthesis takes place.(Ganong, 2005)(Das,2009) 2. Whenever metabolism occurs in the body, there can be a change in the pH of the body which can hamper the action of various enzymes needed for completing other metabolic reactions therefore it is necessary to maintain an optimum pH or the acid base balance of the body to maintain homeostasis (keeping the internal environment of the body constant). This can be achieved by the compensatory mechanism which corrects alkalosis or acidosis under the changed conditions. The lungs help to correct acidosis by

MacroF Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

MacroF - Essay Example D – fractional reserve 20. A – 450 21. D – 1/R 22. C (E – 1/m) 23. D – increase GDP with low interest (inc money supply) 24. A – sell sec, reduce rates and inc reserve req 25. B– money supply 100 26. D – increase money supply to 100 27. C – 4 28. D 29. B – prime intt rate 30. D – decrease exports and appreciate $ 31. B - monetarism 32. C –Keynesian economics 33. A – rational expectation 34. C – Philips curve 35. C – Speed of adjustment 36. C –Laffer curve 37. B – below ob 38. D – done all 39. A – 3.6 trillion 40. B – Canada 41. D – all of the above 42. A – excise on imports 43. B – less resources and more needs 44. D – rent, wages, intt, profits 45. A – increase one at another’s expense 46. A – direct, inverse 47. C – price (price changes the demand curve not movement on same demand curve) 4 8. C – increase in demand 49. D – both statements are ok unless it is some sort of trick question! 50. D – high marginal cost of production 51. B – 1 and 200 52. B – 1.60 53. D – 0.50 54. D – corporate profits 55. B – functional 56. A – personal 57. D – top 1/5th get 8 times the lowest 1/5th 58. A – no claim on proprietor personal assets 59. C – GDP 60. B – PI 61. A – all final goods and services in a year 62. C – 25% 63. C – supply shock 64. B – 180 Bn 65. C – 40 at all levels 66. D - $2 for every +$3 in GDP 67. B – 3 Short Answers Question 1 The macroeconomic equation of exchange is the relationship between Money supply that is the total nominal amount of money in circulation (M), Velocity of money meaning the average frequency with which money is spent (V), Price level (P) and index of real expenditures (Q). It is expressed as M x V = P x Q From the equation of exchange, we see that money together with velocity is the source of funding for economic activities. Furthermore, it shows that for a given stock of money, an increase in velocity helps finance a greater value of transactions than money could have done by itself. Thus, the velocity of money describes the amount of economic activity with a given money supply. If all other things remain constant, changes in velocity of money can greatly affect the prices. A very high V at same M and Q would result in an increase in P (price level), that is inflation, and vice versa. If the velocity of money is stable, economists are able to predict the GDP levels and take action accordingly. Money supply can be effectively used to implement the economic policies with the desired result. If, however, V is unstable, it leads to fluctuations in price levels, and the economic policy changes in M can bring negative result. For example, if V decreases suddenly, inflation will also drop. In orde r to control this, the government might decide to increase the money supply. Now, if the V also increases after the increase in money supply, this would lead to sudden high inflation with combined effect of increased M and V. So, the stability of V is very important for governments to be able to decide and implement effective economic policies. Question 2 The structure of Federal reserve system is shown below in figure 1. Figure 1 Structure of Federal reserve system The components of the federal reserve system and their functions are described below: 1. Board of governors: they are appointed by the US president and confirmed by the US senate. The primary responsibility of the Board members is the formulation of monetary policy. The Board sets reserve requirements and shares

Growth Of Islamic Fundamentalism In South Asia History Essay

Growth Of Islamic Fundamentalism In South Asia History Essay Islamic fundamentalism is not a new phenomenon. In recent times, it has acquired a militant and jihadi form. It has grown because of the failure of the ruling elite in South Asian countries in nation building and in constructing democratic polities. Successive regimes, both civilian and military, in some of the countries in the region have used Islam as a means to legitimise their rule. As seen in previous chapter that the Islamic fundamentalism has been well entrenched in Pakistans power structure for the last two decades or so, ever since the military rule of General Zia-ul Haq. Pakistan militarys alliance with the Mullahs was formed during this period. The conglomerate of six fundamentalist parties, the Muttahida Majlise Amal (MMA), controls the provincial government in the strategic NWFP, where it has already enforced a kind of Taliban rule. The MMA is also part of the government in Baluchistan. Subsequently Gen. Musharraf strengthened the Mullah-Military alliance. In the subsequent paragraphs we will study the Islamic fundamentalism in various other asian countries and pak role in spreading this fundamenatalism. PART I: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN AFGHANISTAN Afghanistan and the Rise of Taliban Demography. Afghanistan is a landlocked country in Central Asia, bordered by Pakistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzebkistan and China. Its population approximately stand somewhere between 15 and 20 million people. The overwhelming majority of its population is Muslims, although a significant minority -between 10 and 20 per cent adheres to heterodox Sunni confession. The population is also diverse in both ethnic and linguistic terms. While two Indo- Iranian languages Persian and Pustho- are the ones most widely heard in the country, one also encounters speakers of Turk, Dravidian, Nuristani, and other languages. Afghanistan besides ethnicaly and linguistically, is also divided economically and spatially. Shaping of Fundamentalism Power Struggle the Root Cause. The Afghanistan is in turmoil since 1973. In 1973 Mohammed Daoud khan staged a coup, deposing his cousin king Zahir Shah and appointing himself as president. Daoud captured power with the help of Soviet- trained military officers, who were members of the Peoples Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). On 27 Apr 1978, the leftist military officers overthrew Mohammed Daoud Khan in a surprise coup and Noor Mohammed Taraki came to power. Due to internal disputes within the Taraki Camp there was widespread killing of tribal leaders to extend control over them. Thus Amin overthrew and killed Taraki and made overtures to the USA. Russian Intervention. The Russian Intervention in Afghanistan played a crucial role for its subsequent control and a state of anarchy in the region. The reason for russian intervention in Afghanistan were as under:- Iranian Connection. During Oct 1974 The Shah of Iran offered aid worth $ 2 billion to Kabul and also give secure access to Iranian port of Bandar Abbas to the sea via Iran, there by reducing the Soviet leverage as the only alternative route for Afghan overland trade. The increased overtures of iran towards Afghanistan increased Soviet apprehensions. Inclination to USA. The Amin after assuming the power from Taraki made overtures towards USA. This caused Moscow panic and at this stage the Soviets decided to intervene militarily to stabilize the situation, instead the soviets got sucked into the war. Situation after Soviet Withdrawal. After the withdrawal of Soviet forces from Afghanistan in 1989. The number of Mujahideen faction who fought their Jihad against Soviet forces and communist regime of Kabul tried to capture the power in Kabul. The Afghan society was highly divided on tribal and ethnolinguistically lines at that time. The mujahideen warlords were also fragmented along these lines. As their communities interests were involved hence a consensus government could not be formed and neither a power sharing agreement could reach between them. The end result was anarchy in Afghanistan. Pakistan, which was a front line state for Americans and western nation for arms supplies to mujahideen during Soviet occupation of Afghanistan had now its own interest in keeping the Afghan disintegrated as it wanted it establish its own puppet government there, so it backed number of mujahideen groups but when they failed to capture the power in Kabul, it started the Taliban movement with Sau di money and US planning and Pakistans manpower. Pakistans Objectives. Pakistan objectives in Afghanistan are two fold. The first was to secure a receptive leader ship in Kabul which would ensure the transformation of Afghanistan into a Pakistan dominated, Pushtun ruled enclave and assist Pakistans goal of wider regional influence, and broader regional political, economic and strategic gains. The other was to enable Pakistan to enmesh the identity of Pakistans and Afghanistan Pushtun into one and settle once and for all the longstanding Afghanistan -Pakistan border dispute in line with Pakistans interests. These considerations assumed greater urgency after the collapse of the Soviet Union, which not only signalled the imminent end of communist rule in Kabul, but also opened up the potentially resource rich Central Asian Republic( CAR). Growth of Taliban Birth of Taliban. It is generally accepted by Afghanistan watchers that the Taliban had its birth in the rugged mountains of the Pak-Afghan border, inside Pakistan territory some time in Aug 1994. By early 1994 it became obvious to the ISI that the Burhanuddin Rabbani regime, not very friendly to Islamabad, was slowly consolidating itself in Kabul. While they were looking for alternative s, Maj Gen (Retd) Naseerullah Babar, the Interior Minister in the second Benazir Bhutto government floated the idea of creating a students militia along with some veterans from the Afghan mujahideen who had fought the Red Army and who had taken shelter in Pakistan. Gen Babar started his search for suitable leaders from around April-May 1994. In the process, he came across a certain Mohammad Umar Mujahid. Later widely known as Mullah Umar. By the end of May 1994 the basic infrastructure for launching the Taliban was in place. Around this time, the meeting with the Jamait Ulema Islam headed by Maulana Fazlur Rahman started bearing fruit in terms of deputing its students for the proposed outfit, which it proposed to call Taliban. Most of the Taliban are the children of the Jihad against Soviet Union. Many were born in Pakistani refugee camps, educated in Pakistani madrassas and learnt their fighting skill from Afghan Mujahideen parties based in Pakistan. Their families continued to live in Pakistan as refugees even after the fall of Kabul to the Mujahideen in 1992. The Taliban the Army of Islamic students -was raised from the madrassas on the Afghan Pakistan border. Sociologically, Pakistan had based this new revolution upon the segment of the fanatical and illiterate village mullahs- the land less and weakest section of Afghan society. They are generally orphans who prefer to live in madrassas for three square meals a day. Pakistani Connection. Many Taliban carry Pakistani identity cards, as they spent years in refuge camps in Pakistan, and thousand voted in the 1997 elections Baluchistan for their favourite Pakistani party- the Jamiat -e Ulema-I Islam. Moreover the Taliban recruited hundreds of Pakistani Islamic fundamentalist students to fight for their causes and were closely linked to Pakistans fundamentalist Islamic parties such as the Jamait -e Uleama Islam led by Maulana Fazular Rahman. Their social history also allowed them to be extremely well connected to many Pakistani state institution, political parties and business groups in what was already an extremely fragmented Pakistani power structure. Thus the Taliban were never beholden to one exclusive Pakistani lobby. ISI Support to Taliban. It is believed that the Taliban Shura and Umer are only a front and the actual thinking and strategy is provide by the former and serving members of the Inter Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) of Pakistan. It wold be difficult to explain otherwise how the students of madrassas, dedicated to religious learning as a way to life almost overnight became warriors. The improvised madrassas in the NWFP and Baluchistan would hardly be in a position to impart any military training, unless they have sound and organized financial and military backing. In any event, over the last two years Lt Gen (Retd.) Hameed Gul, former Chief of the ISI, has emerged as an important spokesperson of the Taliban movement. Large number of former Pakistani military personnel a have been spotted in Taliban camps actively engaged in Taliban activities. PART II: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN BANGLADESH Brief History Formation of Bangladesh. Bangladesh emerged as a new state in 1971 after a protracted struggle for autonomy, which evolved into a freedom movement against the Punjabi-dominated military bureaucratic establishment of Pakistan. Religion and Constitution. Though the initial Constitution of Bangladesh unambiguously enshrined secularism, which was to be realised by eliminating communalism in all its forms, and the establishment of multi-party democracy as fundamental political values. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman had spelt out the meaning of secularism in the context of the Muslim society. He had explained that secularism does not mean absence of religion. The people of Bangladesh would have the right to religion but nobody would be allowed to use religion as a political weapon. Islam in Bangladesh has been based on three types of religious beliefs: modern, orthodox and popular. A majority of the Muslims of Bangladesh practice popular religion that includes faith in pirs, sacred places, Hindu gods and local deities and spirits. The Jamaat-i- Islami had no appeal in the political environment in East Pakistan since 1947. In, the Jamaat-i-Islami had only one member in that part of Pakistan. Bangladeshs Drift Towards Extremism. However, after the military coup dà ©tat of 1975, secularism was replaced by the words Faith in Almighty Allah in the revised constitution. A new era of the relationship with Middle Eastern Muslim countries, brought Wahhabi ideology back home from Arabia and created a social ground and support base for future fundamentalists in the country. In 1988, another military dictator declared Islam the state religion of Bangladesh by amending the Constitution. To create an aura of political legitimacy as well as to win support from the oil-rich Middle Eastern Muslim countries, military regimes rehabilitated and eventually collaborated with Islamic political organizations, some of which were radical and fundamentalist in nature. 43 Both military regimes tried to overcome their legitimacy crises by manipulating the political issue of Islamic identity. In this way, the military regimes not only created the opportunity for the Islamists to be a part of mainst ream politics in Bangladesh, but they also made Islamization an agenda of the state and Islam the de facto state ideology.44Subsequent democratic governments could not overcome the religious ideology created by the military regimes. During the anti-military period of the 1980s, the two major political parties, the Bangladesh Awami League (AL) and the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), continued to maintain tactical relationships with fundamentalist political organizations. The party that won the general elections in 1991 and 2001 formed a coalition with fundamentalist political organizations. The two of the militant fundamentalist organizations of this period that shocked the country the most were the HUJIB and the JMB. The mother organization of the HUJIB was located in Pakistan. Fundamentalist Acts in Bangladesh. Between March 6, 1999 and January 27, 2005, militant Islamists killed at least 156 people in Bangladesh. Bombs were thrown mostly at secular cultural gatherings, courthouses, and Sufi shrines. Worst among them were the bomb attacks at Udichi programs (a secularist cultural organization) programs, the Ahmadiyya mosque (a minority Islamic religious sect), Bengali new year celebrations, churches, movie theatres, the Bangladeshi born British High Commissioner to Bangladesh, and at the rally of the party of opposition. The bomb attack that shocked the country most was the blast of August 17, 2005, where 459 bombs were exploded in 63 of the 64 districts in the country between 11:00 and 11:30 am. There were also several attacks on secularist NGO (Non-Government Organization) activists and newspapers. Two militant religious fundamentalist organizations, Harkatul Jihad al-Islam Bangladesh (HUJIB), and Jamaatul Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), carried out these a ttacks. These two groups alone exploded hundreds of bombs throughout the country during this period in order to establish an Islamic regime in the country. In addition to these two groups, other militant Islamist organizations, active in this period that were also involved in similar violent and terrorist activities included, Shahadat al-Hikma, Hizbut Tawhid, Bangladesh Islamic Manch, and Hifajate Khatme Nabuwat Andolon. Pakistan Link. The two of the major and active militant fundamentalist organizations of Bangladesh are HUJIB (Harkatul Jihad al-Islam of Bangladesh) and the JMB (Jagrata Muslim Janata Bangladesh). The mother organization of the HUJIB was located in Pakistan. The Pakistani HUJI had first appeared in the early 1980s as a group of supporters of the Afghan resistance against Soviet aggression, known as Jamaatul Ansar (Group of the Helpers). With the support of Pakistans Inter-Services Intelligence Agency (ISI), the group renamed itself as Harkatul Jihad al-Islam (The Movement for the Islamic Jihad) in 1988.53 In the 1990s it expanded its operations beyond Afghanistan, especially in support of the struggle of Muslims in non-Muslim countries. Shafiqur Rahman, an Afghan war veteran, founded the Harkatul Jihad al-Islami Bangladesh in 1992. The organization officially declared its existence at a press conference at the National Press Club in Dhaka on April 30, 1992. Presently there are approx 27 militant outfits in Indias Northeast that have ties with Bangladesh and its various religio-political groups. The ISI and Bangladeshs DGFI coordinate with ULFA. The influx of migrants from Bangladesh across the border into north-east India and West Bengal certainly poses a threat of Islamic militancy spreading in these regions of India as well. During the rule of the BNP-led four-party alliance between 2001 and 2006, militant Islamic groups such as the HUJIB and JMB received significant material and moral support from Islamists within the alliance. PART III:THE DANGER IN NEPAL Gen. Nepal is a Hindu kingdom but not a Hindu state and religious minorities have lived in the Kingdom without any discrimination. Over the last several years, the Kingdom, however, has been in turmoil. It has been plagued by Maoist insurgency and the struggle for end of monarchy and establishment of Democracy in the Kingdom. Both these major struggle were over by 2006. However the country had to think and work out the settlement before the maoist can be adopted and the new constitution can be enacted for the country. Though the country is pro India and anti Islamic Fundamentalism, but a disturbed situation has been exploited by the anti India countries over the years. The use of Nepal soil by the Islamist for causing disturbance in India have been established time again.The presence of militant Islamists on the India-Nepal border has been causing concern in the contiguous Indian areas. Geographical Realities. It may be noted that India has an open, porous border with Nepal, which is 1,859 km-long. There are almost 20 Indian districts that share the border with 27 Nepalese districts. The open border provides a free field to all kinds of criminal activities, like drug trafficking, smuggling, intelligence activities, fake currency, fugitives, etc. Matter of Concern. What has caused concern is the emergence of numerous madrassas and mosques on both sides of the border. The number of mosques is certainly not justified by the number of Muslims in the area. The madrassas are largely funded from West Asia. These developments too have serious implications for India. The 1999 hijacking of the Indian Airlines plane on a flight from Kathmandu to New Delhi, which ultimately ended with the release of three top Pakistani terrorist leaders, showed that the ISI had set up an active base in Nepal. Some Kashmiri groups belonging to Hizb-ul Mujahideen have been caught in Nepal trying to send money to Islamic separatists in Jammu and Kashmir. Pakistani presence in Nepal is reflected in the growth of madrassas, increase in Muslim population, floating of fake Indian currency and is helped by an open border and lack of monitoring system. PART IV: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN SRI LANKAN Origin and Growth of Islamic Fundamentalism. Muslims in Sri Lanka are the descendants of the Arabs, who came about a thousand years ago. The origins of Islamic fundamentalism in the country, however, are recent and can be traced to 1990 when the Sri Lankan ethnic Tamils drove away Muslims from the Eastern region under their control. This forced migration increased Muslim population in the districts to which they had migrated. No effort was made by the government to rehabilitate these uprooted Muslim refugees, who had to live in poverty and misery. Over time, madrassas came up, funded by munificent Arabs. Frequent Sinhala-Muslim communal clashes began to take place. Shariat courts were set up and strict rules imposed on Muslim women in the Eastern areas. The situation in the Muslim areas deteriorated and Muslim- Buddhist clashes became a regular feature. Militant camps were set up in the Eastern areas where volunteers were given arms and weapons training in the jungles and they called themselves jihadis fighting a holy war for protecting themselves. Ironically, the government itself had provided arms to the Muslims in the early 1980s to protect themselves against the LTTE. Also, attempts were made on part of the government to use Islamic militancy as a buffer against the LTTE. The country has been facing the threat of Tamil Eelam. The situation in the Eastern province is a potential bloody cauldron. There have been reports of two Islamic militant bases in Valaichchenai. The formation of an Osama Squad in Batticaloa has also come to notice. All this indicates growth of extremist elements in the community. Pak Involvement. The ISI is keenly interested to collect intelligence about developments in Indian nuclear establishments, many of which are located in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In this background, the appointment by Pakistan two years ago of a former director of the Intelligence Bureau as its High Commissioner in Colombo was not without significance. There has been an increase in the activities of Lashkar-e-Toiba in the Eastern province. PART V: ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM AND INDIA Fundamentalist Parties Post Independence. After independence apart from some minor outfits, there were two main fundamentalist parties in the country, the Jamiat-al Ulema-i-Hind and the Jamaat-t-Islami. The Jamiat-al Ulema, which had opposed the creation of Pakistan till the end, withdrew from Indian politics after the freedom and the framing of the Indian Constitution. While the Jamaat-i-Islami was divided after the emergence of Pakistan in 1947 and some members of the Jamaat, including its founder, Maulana Abul Ala Maududi, migrated to Pakistan, with an aim of creating an Islamic country. While the, members of the Jamaat, who stayed back in India, formed a separate Jamaat in April 1948. The leaders of the Indian Jamaat opposed secularism in all walks of life and decided not to participate in elections, and decided to opt out of the Indian political system. However Jamaat accepted the secularism in 1960s, though with some reservations. The Jamaat members from Jammu Kashmir have not been part of the Indian Jamaat and formed a separate party in the state. Growth of Islamic Fundamentalism in India. India is marred with a plethora of terrorist/ insurgency related problems, terrorism in Punjab, insurgency in its NE, Maoist insurgency in its Central Part, Islamic Fundamentalism in J K and till late LTTE influence in its southern part. However among all these the threat from Islamic fundamentalism by large, poses the most complex and significant threat to India. India comprises of largest Muslim population after Indonesia in south Asia. Islamic fundamentalism in the form of terrorism in India was initially limited to the region of J K, but today it has spread its tentacles to other parts of India too. The series of bombing episodes in Mumabai, Banglore, Hyderabad, Varanasi, the hijacking of Indian airlines, attack on parliament, mumbai 26/11, etc are testimony to the growing influence of Islamic fundamentalism in India. India clearly has become a target of jihad in the age of globalisation. Islamic fundamentalism is against democracy and equal rights for all citizens, irrespective of caste, creed, or gender. Its further growth will disrupt peace and stability in the country and in the entire region. Pakistan Invovement. It was well realised by various pakistani rulers and dictators that subdueing India with military might is near to impossible and a proxy war in the form of Jihad would accrue disproportionate result. Keeping this aspect in mind Gen Jia-ul-Haque implemented this plan during his tenure. This plan of destabilising India, was implemented through the ISI, an intelligence agency whose officer cadre is drawn from Pakistan Army which is considered to be the state Instrument of this policy, Pakistan involvement in creating and fostering religious extremist groups and terror organisations in Kashmir and elsewhere in India is well documented. PART VI: PAK INVOLVEMENT IN GROWTH OF ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALISM IN SOUTH ASIA Through our previous study it ha sbeen amply established that the rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan is not only responsible for the present situation in Afghanistan and in Jammu and Kashmir, but it also has far reaching consequences for all countries of the South Asian region. All South Asian countries are pluralistic and face at different levels, internal tensions and conflicts based on caste, religion, ethnicity, language and community, and these distort their national integrity and unity. Religious nationalism has made a great headway not only in Pakistan but also in Bangladesh and Sri Lanka. It has made Pakistan a haven for Islamic terrorists, including Al Qaida, and it inspires terrorist activity in Kashmir. Some of the features of Islamic extremism in South Asia are: religiously defined national identity, undermining of democracy by promoting majoritarian theory and practice of non-liberal democracy and accentuation of international conflicts on ethno-religious lines, for example, between Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India and Muslim Bangladesh. The fundamentalists aim to turn the Muslim majority states of the region into Islamic states and start jihad in those countries where Muslims are in a minority. There is no accurate information about the exact number of madrassas in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and India. Many of these madrassas disseminate the militant ideology of Islamic fundamentalism and turn out militants. These contribute to the ongoing destabilisation not only in Pakistan but also in other countries of the region. The potential radicalisation of Indian Muslims is also a cause of concern. The Pakistan had the repercussions in other countries of the region. The major Islamic party, the Jamaat-i- Islami of Pakistan, and the Tablighi Jamaat and their militant offshoots has a strong presence in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. There is a wide network of Deobandi and Wahabi madrassas in almost each South Asian country and many of them are being funded by Saudi and Pakistani sources. Pakistan has been sponsoring a militant terrorist campaign in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir for the last two decades. Pakistans official agencies have been active in promoting militant groups in all countries of the region. In India, there has also been a visible increase in the activities of Pakistani-sponsored militant groups, like Lashkar-e Toiba and Jaish-e Muhammad. South Asia is the most complex region of the world in terms of religion, and is inhabited by the followers of all major religions. Islam, after Hinduism, is one of the major religions of South Asia. It has the second lar gest following (29 per cent) after Hinduism (64 per cent). Almost four out of every 10 South Asians are Muslims, and they form the single largest Muslim population in the world. Islam in the region has had to co-exist, ever since its arrival in the Indian subcontinent in the first century of the Islamic calendar, with a bewildering variety of religions and cults. All the countries in the region that emerged after Independence are hence multireligious, multi-ethnic and multi-linguistic. India is larger, both in size and population, than all the other countries of the region combined. It has also the largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia. Conclusion Muslims constitute the majority of the population in three of the seven countries in South Asia, i.e., Pakistan, Bangladesh and Maldives, and they are also a significant minority in India, Sri Lanka, and Nepal. But Muslims of South Asia are not a monolithic community. Even at the height of the Mughal Regional Implications of the Rise of Islamic Fundamentalism in Pakistan rule in India, the Muslims of the region did not constitute a single harmonious community. They are divided in different Islamic sects, subsects and schools of thought. Though a majority of them belong to the Sunni sect, each South Asian country has a substantial number of Shias and other minority sects and schools. Almost every country in the region also faces unresolved ethnic, communal and linguistic tensions that at times lead to major conflicts. The terrorist campaign in Jammu Kashmir- waged mainly by militant Islamic groups sponsored and trained by Pakistans agencies and the disruptive activities of the Islam ic fundamentalist parties within Pakistan, therefore have wider implications and pose a major threat to the region. The rise of Islamic fundamentalism in Pakistan has had serious implications for social and political stability in the region and a highly volatile impact on relations among communities adhering to different faiths. References/End Notes